Interaction of photoperiod and testes development is associated with paternal care in Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow voles).

During the summer breeding season, free-living meadow voles do not engage in paternal care. However, in fall when female territoriality declines, social nesting and breeding activity may overlap and adult males nest with females and young. In the laboratory, meadow voles housed under short day (SD) lengths exhibit more and better quality paternal care than those housed under long day (LD) lengths. This observation is commensurate with the hypothesis that SD paternal care may increase fitness by decreasing pup mortality during colder months. However, SD males also demonstrate variability in paternal care. We hypothesize that this variability may be due to male fertility status; SD infertile males, incapable of siring offspring, should be less likely to care for pups than fertile males, for whom paternal care may confer fitness benefits. The goal of this experiment was to determine whether paternal behavior differed between fertile LD males, fertile SD males (i.e. males that were gonadally photoperiod-unresponsive to SD lengths), and infertile SD males (i.e. males that were gonadally photoperiod-responsive to SD lengths), as indexed by paired testes weights and behavioral evaluation. Fertile SD males exhibited proportionally more paternal behavior than infertile SD males or fertile LD males, which did not differ from each other. Fertile SD males also exhibited paternal behavior faster, spent more time in contact with pups, and engaged in longer and more frequent bouts of pup-directed grooming and huddling than either infertile SD males or fertile LD males. Collectively, these data suggest that photoperiod and fertility status may interact to exert both inhibitory and permissive control over the expression of paternal behavior in adult meadow voles.